Range. Tropical Africa and Asia. Grows naturally all over Myanmar, but more common in the temperate regions.

Uses. Bitter, astringent and sharp in taste with heating properties, this plant is used to control flatulence and phlegm, promote urine production, treat bladder condi­tions, poisoning, leprosy, hemorrhoids, bloating and lung problems.

Leaf: Powdered leaves are applied to wounds and sores to kill germs and promote healing. They are also ingested with jaggery to expel roundworms and threadworms. Mixed with lime juice, the leaf powder is used as a swab for the inside of the ear or as drops for earaches and ear infections.

Root: is used to treat ulcers, leprosy, and piles. Washed thoroughly, the tubers are crushed together with water, and the resulting mixture is applied to the navel and over the uterus area to induce fast and easy labor in childbirth. Tuber paste is also applied to relieve bruises and inflamma­tion. The liquid from powdered tubers soaked in water is ingested to cure gonorrhea.

Toxicity:
Root: The tuber serves as an abortifacient. Because the tubers contain a powerful poison, they should be used only under the direction of experienced and able physicians

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Origin:
Throughout tropical India, up to 2,350 m on the hills.

Action:
Tuberous root—antiinflammatory, alterative, anthelmintic, antileprotic. Used for piles, swollen joints, parasitical affections of skin.
Fresh juice of plant—uterine stimulant.
The seeds are used as raw material for preparing drugs for gout.
The herb is a gastrointestinal irritant.

Toxicity:
The herb is a gastrointestinal irritant.
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Origin:

Nigeria

Part used

tubers, leaves

Medicinal uses

gonorrhoea, headlice, antipyretic

1) DeFilipps, Robert A.; Krupnick, Gary A. / PhytoKeys, v. 102. - - p. 1 - 314,  2018.

2) Khare, C.P./ Indian Medicinal Plants. -- Nueva Dheli: Springer, 2007 . - p. 836.

3) Abd El-Ghani1, Monier M./ Traditional medicinal plants of Nigeria: an overview: Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2016, 7(5): 220-247. - p. 235.